5 Talk

K. Marinas' Cyclic Multiverse Hypothesis

This article is a working preliminary draft, NOT yet submitted for peer review. Leave your comments on the discussion page (talk page) or contact the First Author, kmarinas86, at their talk page or by email.

I, K. Marinas, am the founder of my Cyclic Multiverse Hypothesis^[1], in which I propose that universe is a fractal, as an alternative to the Big Bang Theory. My idea is not science as of yet, since the vast majority of detailed cosmological data and computing power is outside of my reach. Another reason why it is not science right now is because it is not being studied by staff of a university. This page is not something you can nor should cite for a school project. Meanwhile, I think that my idea lacks the errors of previous alternatives to the Big Bang Theory.

This is not wikipedia.

1 Illustrations
2 A Fractal Universe and Physical Units
3 Symmetry inside the fractal
- 3.1 7 rotational degrees of freedom
4 What this hypothesis requires
- 4.1 TeraQuasars
- 4.2 Hyperbolic Space-Time
  - 4.2.1 Determinant of this Hyperbolic Spacetime
    - 4.2.1.1 Quantative Example for known Galaxies
    - 4.2.1.2 Rejected formulae
  - 4.2.2 The beginning of this Fractal-based Unification of the Gravitational, Weak, Electromagnetic, and Strong forces
    - 4.2.2.1 Extension from previous section
5 See also
6 References
7 Footnotes

IllustrationsEdit

MainstreamEdit

Visual aids depicting a fractal universeEdit

Visual aids for this Cyclic Multiverse HypothesisEdit

A Fractal Universe and Physical UnitsEdit

The Cyclic Multiverse is a self-similiar fractal which might have formed just like a snowflake would. Anything from the curvature of spacetime to the pattern of a snowflake can ultimately explained with units of measurement.

$k$ is equal to the multiple between fractal levels.

Parent fractal level

$Universeinfinityfractalbanner.jpg$

Child fractal level

Depiction of the difference between different fractal levels (zooming in from left to right)

The primary physical properties for a particle or body (such as a proton, or turtle, etc.) existing in our fractal level can be compared with a similar-in-kind object (e.g. a "Proton", or "Turtle", etc.) of a higher parent fractal level of which our "known universe" is but an insignificant part. Properties of our fractal level would differ from those of our parent fractal level by a scale factor raised to various integer exponents as follow:^[2]

k - 2

mass

Kilograms

k - 1

wavelength (distance)	Meters	m
charge	Columbs	C

k 2

frequency	Hz	1/s or radians/s
temperature	Kelvin	K
luminous intensity	Candelas	Cd

From these assumptions, we can determine the changes that occur in other physical properties for every fractal level we go down.

The physical properties for the child fractal level compared to that of a parent fractal level are as follows:

For each matter pair (a set of primal and frequency-governing components)Edit

$k - 2$

Gravitational Phenomena
mass	kg	inertial mass = gravitational mass

Mechanical Phenomena
area	m²	surfaces
angular momentum	L=J·s	quantity of action

Electromagnetic Phenomena
charge pair	C²	the primary component of electrical fields with existing, non-zero potential
capacitance	C/V=C²/J	quantity of charge stored for every volt (farads)
inductance	J/A²	accomodation of the production of magnetic flux per current
electric dipole moment	A·s·m	a vector due to uneven distribution of unlike charges. proportional to charge and distance.
magnetic dipole moment	A·m²	a vector whose direction is normal to a loop of current. proportional to current and area.
planck's constant	J·s	the discrete quantity of action (quantum unit of angular momentum)

Temperature Phenomena
thermal expansion coefficient and temperature of color	1/K	the fractional change in length or volume per Kelvin at constant pressure
thermal resistance coefficient	K/(W/m²)	coefficient, thermal resistance
heat capacity	J/K	proportion relating the amount of energy per temperature
entropy	J/K	thermodynamic disorder

For each matter pair (a set of frequency-dependent components)Edit

$k 0$

Mechanical Phenomena
energy	L·radians/s=J=kg·m²/s²	quantity of energy itself
torque	L/s=kg·m²/(s²·radians)	force applied to a member to produce rotational motion
mass flow rate	kg/s	the mass of fluid that flows past a given cross sectional area per second
kinematic viscosity	m²/s	ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density

Electromagnetic Phenomena
resistance	W/A²	higher electrical resistance at the lower fractal level (ohms Ω)
conductance	A/V	current produced / (energy / charged particle)
conductance quantum	2·c²/h	current produced / (energy / charged particle)
quantum of circulation	2·h/m_c	current produced / (energy / charged particle)
magnetic vector potential	N/A=Wb/m	force per amp. magnetic flux per meter.

Light Phenomena
luminous efficacy	lm/W	power as it appears to an observer versus the actual power
luminous energy	lm·s	quantity of light. living things on the lower fractal level see photons which have $k - 2$ as much energy.

Temperature Phenomena
thermal resistance	K/W	index of a material's resistance to heat flow the reciprocal of conductance
thermal conductance	W/K	rate of heat flow
velocity change with temperature	(m/s)/K	velocity increases with temperature

For each flow pair (a set of primal and frequency-governing components)Edit

$k - 1$

Mechanical Phenomena
momentum	p=N·s=kg·m/s	coordinate force * time. mass * relative velocity of flows of the flow pair.
volume flow rate	m³/s	the volume of fluid that flows past a given cross sectional area per second
radius	r	radius of a curve at any point on a path (turning radius or radius of curvature)

Electromagnetic Phenomena
electric flux	C=A·s	quantity of electric charge itself
magnetic flux	J/A=V·s	comes from an energetic magnetic field produced by a current (weber, Wb)
resistivity	Ω·m	property of matter which resists an electric field from getting from A to B
electric permittivity	C/(V·m)	resists the flow of an electric field, contains charge
magnetic permeability	N/A²	allows an electric field to pass through easily, lets charge through

Light Phenomena
wavelength distance	m	influences the other electrical properties for this lower fractal level

For each flow pair (a set of frequency-dependent components)Edit

$k 1$

Gravitational Phenomena
mass density	kg/m³

Mechanical Phenomena
force	p/s=N=J/m	comes from a energetic kinetic potential produced by an impulse
velocity	Meters per second	m/s
dynamic viscosity	(kg/s)/m	the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress

Electromagnetic Phenomena
current	A	flow rate of electricity which provides a force that causes magnetic flux
voltage	W/A=J/C	power per unit current. energy per unit charge. current times resistance. (volt)
conductivity	1/(Ω·m)	property of matter which allows an electric field to get from A to B
electric flux density polarization density	C/m²	a field which causes electric flux. electric dipole moment per unit volume.
magnetic flux density	Wb/m²	magnetic flux / area

Light Phenomena
spectroscopic wavenumber	1/m	the inverse of wavelength

Temperature Phenomena
thermal conductivity	(W/m)/K	ability of a material to conduct heat.

For each oscillation (a set of primal and frequency-governing components)Edit

$k 2$

Gravitational Phenomena
angular velocity	radians/s=(m/s)/r	inverse of the orbital period

Mechanical Phenomena
power	W=J/s	rate of energy expenditure
acoustic impedance	(kg/s)/m²	proportional to the density and the phase velocity (speed of sound).
surface tension	J/m²	the amount of tension that keeps a surface, especially of liquids together
applied tension	J/m²=N/m	work / area

Electromagnetic Phenomena
angular frequency	radians/s=(m/s)/r	inverse of the oscillation period
electric field strength (E-field)	N/C	force / charge
magnetic field strength (H-field) magnetization	A/m	an auxillary field which causes magnetic flux. magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.
charge density	C/m³	charge / volume
elastance	V/C=J/C²	potential difference for every coulomb (inverse farads)
reluctance	A²/J	resistance of the production of magnetic flux per current

Light Phenomena
frequency	1/s	influences the other electrical properties for this lower fractal level (Hz, cycles per second)
angular frequency	radians/s	frequency with which phase changes
luminous flux	lm=Cd·sr	Candelas times Steradians (lumens, lm)
luminous intensity	Cd	power emitted by a light source

Temperature Phenomena
temperature	K	corresponding objects of the lower fractal are just as hot, or as cold, as they are in our fractal level
thermal heat transfer coefficient	(W/m²)/K	coefficient, thermal conductance

For each oscillation (a set of frequency-dependent components)Edit

$k 4$

Mechanical Phenomena
angular acceleration	radians/s²	rate of change of angular velocity

Light Phenomena
luminance	lm/m²	light incident / area
luminosity	Cd/m²	light emission / area

Ether density, propertiesEdit

$k 3$

Gravitational Phenomena
force/mass	m/s²
G	m³/(kg·s²)
pressure	N/m²

Mechanical Phenomena
energy density	J/m³	energy / volume

Electromagnetic Phenomena
current density	A/m²	current / area

Symmetry inside the fractalEdit

Simple	Complex
Electron: Usually divergent Electromagnetic effects dominate causing simple periodic motion.	Quarks: Usually convergent Strong Interaction (Quantum gravity/Color charge) can power objects inside a large Electric field. Balance of Electromagnetism and Strong Interaction creates complex forms. Collapse is prevented by proton repulsion.	Quantized Extreme
Celestial Bodies: Usually convergent Gravitational effects dominate causing very simple periodic motion.	Life: Usually divergent Electromagnetism can power objects inside a large Gravitational field. Balance of Gravity and Electromagnetism creates very complex forms. Collapse is prevented by electron repulsion.	Continuous Moderate
Low	High	Resistance
Negative	Positive	Heat Capacity
Greater force	Weaker force	Shorter distances
Increases temperature	Decreases temperature	Exothermic Reaction
Weaker force	Greater force	Greater distances
Decreases temperature	Increases temperature	Endothermic Reaction
Less gregarious	More gregarious	Range

7 rotational degrees of freedomEdit


more divergence
electromagnetic attachment
birth from electromagnetism
birth from gravity
death from electromagnetism
gravitational attachment
birth from gravity
more convergence

What this hypothesis requiresEdit

Cyclic Multiverse Hypothesis explains the redshifts of galaxies varying in distance by proposing two things:

TeraQuasarsEdit

New kinds of collapsed masses called TeraQuasars. These are proposed celestial objects with the proposed mass of trillions of quasars located behind the furthest galaxies and stars we can see in the universe - see Hubble Deep Field.

Gravitational redshift is the decrease of a photon's frequency with increasing gravitational potential. This kind of redshift is directly linked with the curvature of the gravitational field.
Angular diameter distance of distant galaxies can be explained as being an effect caused by an immensely dense gravitational field situated in the background.

Concordance with WMAPEdit

To explain the Cosmic Background Radiation, the Cyclic Multiverse Hypothesis requires that TeraQuasars are surrounded by an environment which has a similar (if not exactly the same) composition as the one described in the Big Bang theory of the "early" universe. This analogous to quasars in the centers of galaxies which have a radiation intense environment surrounding them. This enviornment would be a shell surface that today's cosmologists call the surface of last scattering. However, in contrast to the idea of todays cosmologists - that the surface of the last scattering is a spherical shell concentric to the point of observation - in this Cyclic Multiverse Hypothesis, the surface of the last scattering occurs at ellipsoid-like surfaces of several TeraQuasars - at the same temperature (~3000K) and redshift (~1100).

Contrast from Black HolesEdit

TeraQuasars cannot be thought of as black holes with the mass of trillions of galaxies. That is, because it is required by the Cyclical Multiverse Hypothesis that the TeraQuasars are surrounded by low entropy. This is the same kind of low entropy required by the early universe of the Big Bang Theory. A possible candidate is the Gravastar, which is described as having a very low entropy, in contrast to the high (even maximum) entropy of black holes. Also, with the Gravastar, matter has the ability to bounce back away, a theoretical feature which is necessary in this Cyclic Multiverse Hypothesis. Experiments will be needed to test theories involving Gravastar-like objects. The discovery of such an object would be consistent with this Cyclic Multiverse Hypothesis.

Contrast from Cyclic Big Bang/Big CrunchEdit

Instead of an inflating singularity that collapses upon itself and reinflates etc., the Cyclical Multiverse Hypothesis proposes that the TeraQuasars are the source of new matter (predominately hydrogen) and that old and new matter can enter and exit the multimillion-light-year thick atmosphere of TeraQuasars. A fractal with a pattern that repeats towards the infinitely large scales and towards the infinitely small scales is necessarily heterogeneous in space at all levels, whereas many cyclic universe models based on the Big Bang Theory suggest that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic at large scales.

More on the size of TeraQuasarsEdit

Since TeraQuasars would be very large and exist behind a significant fraction of the sky, even more than the Andromeda Galaxy which itself spans 8 moon diameters, they would appear basically uniform and isotropic when viewed through the microwave spectrum. The TeraQuasars could also be accompanied by smaller partners, or GigaQuasars, which would be like TeraQuasars, but many times smaller.

Hyperbolic Space-TimeEdit

Hyperbolic space-time is an idea from General Relativity - see Hyperbolic geometry and General Relativity.

Observations of galactic rotation velocities (see Galaxy rotation problem) and the brightness of distant supernovas (see Dark Energy) cause the author to suggest that the space outside our solarsystem, between the stars and between the galaxies is hyperbolic.
Consequences of Hyperbolic Geometry:

Stars and galaxies would be dimmed by a factor different than the inverse-square law.
The low-density space between the stars and between the galaxies would act like a concave (zoom out) lens. The parallaxes of stars would be smaller than it would be without the Hyperbolic curvature of space-time, which means that stars and galaxies would be closer than what would be believed if the space between stars was Euclidean. The galaxy would be smaller in diameter than it appears, however, the star count would remain valid.
Having negative curvature between galaxies in clusters would make them appear farther apart than they really are. The required dark matter abundance would be reduced significantly.
The observable part of our universe would be smaller than it appears, yet remains stable due to local gravitational repulsion within the gravity of the whole.

Determinant of this Hyperbolic SpacetimeEdit

Any proposed zoom-out effect must be able to account for any astronomical observations in order to be valid. One particular observation is the angular speed $ω$ of Triangulum Galaxy (also known as Messier Object 33 (or M33)), which has been measured astrometrically using a wide-spread array of radio telescopes called the Very Long Baseline Array [3].

The radius $R$ of the galaxy M33 was inferred from the standard premises, after two things: 1) observing a doppler redshift which give us velocity $V$ , and 2) observing directly the angular speed of the galaxy using an array of radio telescopes seperated by many thousands of kilometers. The radius of the galaxy $R$ may be determined by dividing the velocity $V$ by the angular speed $ω$ .

The introduction of distance variable $r$ results from a conjecture that radii of individual galaxies are less than they appear to be. The factor by which $R$ is greater than $r$ may be defined as the variable $e$ which stands for the exagerration of distance caused by the zoom out effect. Since the value of angular speed $ω$ does not disagree at all with the normal expecations of scientists, the variable $e$ must also imply the factor by which the velocity is exaggerated. Of course, the measured orbital velocity $V$ of masers in M33 is determined via the doppler redshift equation, of which drastic modification ought to be avoided. Therefore, the new requirement is to divide $e$ from the $V$ deduced from the doppler formula to get $v$ - the actual orbital velocity.

A new definition of Hyperbolic Spacetime will be used by the Cyclic Multiverse Dogma that implements the effect of a hypothetical Hubble Potential Energy (HPE) that is rooted in the Hubble expansion.

$HPE=-\frac{1}{2}m(Hd)^2$

Where:

$d$ is equal to apparent distance between masses $M$ and $m$ .

$H$ is the Hubble constant, which when mutiplied by apparent distance $d$ gives us the hubble velocity.

$H d$ is the Hubble velocity.

GPE is simply Gravitational Potential Energy which was discovered by Issac Newton.

$GPE=\frac{-GMm}{r}$

$U G a l a x y$ determines the gravitational potential energy with respect to galaxies.

$U_{Galaxy}=GPE-HPE=\frac{-GMm}{r}+\frac{1}{2}m(Hd)^2$

Where:

$M$ is the mass of one galaxy.

$m$ is the mass of the object extending from the galaxy.

$U T e r a Q u a s a r$ determines the gravitational potential energy with respect to a TeraQuasar.

$U_{TeraQuasar}=HPE-GPE=\frac{GMm}{r}-\frac{1}{2}m(Hd)^2$

Where:

$M$ is the mass of the TeraQuasar.

$m$ is the mass of the object extending from the TeraQuasar.

The goal is to make the gravitational laws of the very large and very small alike:

It is intended by K. Marinas that $U T e r a Q u a s a r$ corresponds to a hypothesis in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) which involves a quadratic potential[4][5].
Mario Everaldo de Souza[6] has hypothesized a hidden SU(2) substructure of quarks. He calls the new particles primons (a quark, he says, is composed of two of these). K. Marinas currently assumes this be the case, saying that one TeraQuasar corresponds to one of the primons in a single quark.

Quantative Example for known GalaxiesEdit

In general, $U = - L ω$ where:

$L$ , the angular momentum, is equal to $\pm \; mvrsin(\pi/2)$ or simply $\pm \; mvr$ .

$ω$ , the angular speed, which is the same as $\frac{v}{r}$ .

Given $U G a l a x y$ , the following are the initial steps for solving for exaggeration $e$ :

$-L\omega=\frac{-GMm}{r}+\frac{1}{2}m(Hd)^2$

$0=\frac{-GMm}{r}+\frac{1}{2}m(Hd)^2+L\omega$

$0=\frac{-GMm}{r}+\frac{1}{2}m(Hd)^2+mv^2$

$0=\frac{-GMme}{R}+\frac{1}{2}m(HR)^2+\frac{mV^2}{e^2}$

$0=\frac{-GMe}{R}+\frac{1}{2}(HR)^2+\frac{V^2}{e^2}$

$0=\frac{-GM}{R}e^3+\frac{1}{2}(HR)^2e^2+V^2$

By solving for $e$ in this cubic equation, the following solutions for $e$ can be found:

Situation	$M$	$R = d$	$V 2$	$e=\frac{R}{r}=\frac{V}{v}$
The Sun's orbit around the Milkyway	$9.5*10^{40}\ kg$	$26\ KLY$	$(220000\ m/s)^2$	$1.24$
Virgo cluster (visible mass only)	$4.5*10^{44}\ kg$	$20\ MLY$	$(1500000\ m/s)^2$	$2.63$
To the edge of the Big Bang Universe	$2.0*10^{52}\ kg$	$13.7\ BLY$	$-(299792458)^2\ m/s$	$3.7$
NGC 3877	$7.3*10^{40}\ kg$	$3.51*10^{20}\ m$	$(160000)^2\ m/s$	$1.2$
NGC 2903	$1.5*10^{41}\ kg$	$6.75*10^{20}\ m$	$(180000)^2\ m/s$	$1.3$
NGC 801	$3.5*10^{41}\ kg$	$1.62*10^{21}\ m$	$(210000)^2\ m/s$	$1.4$
NGC 4088	$8.2*10^{40}\ kg$	$6.75*10^{20}\ m$	$(168000)^2\ m/s$	$1.5$
NGC 6946	$7.4*10^{40}\ kg$	$8.1*10^{20}\ m$	$(160000)^2\ m/s$	$1.6$
NGC 6614	$1.7*10^{41}\ kg$	$1.75*10^{21}\ m$	$(182000)^2\ m/s$	$1.7$
NGC 3198	$4.8*10^{40}\ kg$	$8.1*10^{20}\ m$	$(155000)^2\ m/s$	$1.8$
UGC 6818	$2.5*10^{39}\ kg$	$2.16*10^{20}\ m$	$(73000)^2\ m/s$	$1.9$
NGC 3789	$2.2*10^{40}\ kg$	$1.08*10^{21}\ m$	$(114000)^2\ m/s$	$2.1$
UGC 6446	$4.6*10^{39}\ kg$	$4.59*10^{20}\ m$	$(83000)^2\ m/s$	$2.2$
NGC 1560	$1.8*10^{39}\ kg$	$2.43*10^{20}\ m$	$(77000)^2\ m/s$	$2.3$
UGC 7089	$2.5*10^{39}\ kg$	$3.51*10^{20}\ m$	$(82000)^2\ m/s$	$2.4$

Note for galaxies, the first two solutions for $e$ are complex and the third, which is shown here, is real. In fact, a 2D sprial consists of two complex eigenvalues. For the universe example, the first two solutions are real, but opposite sign; the third one is used ( $e = 3.7$ ). The eigenvalues of a saddle are real and opposite in sign.

Rejected formulaeEdit

This approach has been favored against the following approaches for having non-problematic values of $e$ (1), for having relavance to Hubble observations (2), for sticking to correct concepts of Kinetic Energy (3), and for always having solutions (4).

For all the following formulae, $V$ is orbital velocity, which in these cases are approximately equal to $\sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}}$

 (1):  $- U g e n e r a l = m V 2 e 2$ 
 (2): , where  $p$  is the anomalous pioneer acceleration.
 (3): 
 (4):  $- U g e n e r a l = m V 2$

The beginning of this Fractal-based Unification of the Gravitational, Weak, Electromagnetic, and Strong forcesEdit

In the Cyclical Multiverse Hypothesis, the gravitational attraction of our fractal level becomes a binding force in the higher fractal level that:

opposes a nucleus' tendency to split apart (The Strong Nuclear Force)
becomes the attractive force between protons and electrons (The Attractive Electromagentic Force)

Similiarly, the gravitational repulsion defined by the mechanism above becomes a seperating force in the higher fractal level that:

decays massive particles (such as neutrons) into smaller ones (The Weak Force)
leads to CP-violation in antimatter (The Weak Force)
keeps the nucleus from becoming a black hole (The Repulsive Electromagentic Force)
prevents the electron from merging with a proton (depsite their opposite charge)
puts a limit on the number of electrons an element can have

If the universe were eternal, the weak force would have enough time to accumulate the observed difference between the amount of matter and antimatter. The remaining antimatter would be maintained by natural particle accelerators found inside extreme environments such as the center of the Milky Way.

These become the two fundamental forces (i.e. the binding force and the seperating force) of the universe. Both must exist in order for the fractal universe to be eternal and moderate.

Extension from previous sectionEdit

Observing this visual before reading this extension may be helpful in understanding its contents.

$U G a l a x y = 0$ is the unstable equilibrium in which a galaxy may attract another if it were closer or repel if it was further.

$U T e r a Q u a s a r = 0$ is the stable equilibrium consistent with the surface of the last scattering, or the shell of the surface of a TeraQuasar.

$U G a l a x y$ goes from attraction to repulsion (negative to positive $U G a l a x y$ ) as distance increases.

$U T e r a Q u a s a r$ goes from repulsion to attraction (positive to negative $U T e r a Q u a s a r$ ) as distance increases.

Quark confinement of the higher fractal levelEdit

In this case, a TeraQuasar's maximum distance is approached and confinement approaches the point where taking the TeraQuasar any futher, via an addition of background radiation (such as a high energy gamma ray from the parent fractal level), would result in one or more new TeraQuasars. Applies for: $U_{TeraQuasar}\approx \;-mc^2$ at largest radii with respect to TeraQuasars.

Quark production of the higher fractal levelEdit

In this case, galaxies travel at relativistic speeds with respect to the background radiation emitted by TeraQuasars, and because of this they become massive enough to become seeds which may or may not develop into the next TeraQuasar. Applies for: $U_{Galaxy}\approx \;mc^2$ at largest radii with respect to galaxies.

Super Quasar Production of our fractal levelEdit

In this case, a whole cluster of galaxies would be able to become a "super" quasar simply due to the attraction between them (i.e. without a "Tera"Quasar's influence). Formation of a quasar in this way may be more likely in TeraQuasar systems external to ours which are devoid of life. Applies for: $U_{Galaxy}\approx \;-mc^2$ at smallest radii with respect to galaxies.

Quantum Gravity of the parent fractal levelEdit

In this case, a TeraQuasar system (a system of Quarks of our parent fractal level) has a jumpy reaction following a collision with a particle (massive or non massive) from our parent fractal level (perhaps one inside in depths of a "super" quasar of our parent fractal level), which would result in a reflection off the upper boundary of "Q"uark confinement, $U_{TeraQuasar}\approx \;-mc^2$ , at large radii. This may be the cause of a subsequent reflection off of the lower boundary, $U_{TeraQuasar}\approx \;mc^2$ (beneath the surface TeraQuasars themselves). During the subsequent reflection, the components of a TeraQuasar system of our fractal level overcome much of the repulsion that occurs amongst them. This would even require that the surfaces of these components (TeraQuasars) pass through one another. Merged TeraQuasars of our fractal level may be the compositional basis of second and third generation Quarks of our parent fractal level which are subject to decay. In order for a singularity be simulated, TeraQuasars of an infinitely small fractal level would have be to merged into third generation quarks within the third generation quark of a higher fractal level, repeated infinitely... followed by third generation quarks which are the composition of a TeraQuasar of our fractal level (equivalent to 1/2 a Quark of our parent fractal level). The impossibility of merging all constituent third generation quarks into a single point would prevent a singularity. Decay of some of these infinitesimal particles is more likely than merging the infinite number of these infinitesimal particles which make up a third generation quark inside the Teraquasar into a single point. It would then follow that weak interaction proliferating inside particles of an infinity of fractal levels prevents the singularity. Applies for: $U_{TeraQuasar}\approx \;mc^2$ at the smallest radii with respect to TeraQuasars.

ReferencesEdit

Particles, Subatomic. (1976) The New Encyclopedia Britannica (15th ed.) Vol 13. p 1026.

(2005) Wikipedia: The Free Encylopedia

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/gravastars_020423.html

FootnotesEdit

^ This hypothesis was formerly called Cyclical or Cyclic Multiverse Theory. K. Marinas later renamed it because the specific meaning of the word "theory" has a literal interpretation in the sciences which is different than the literal interpretation of the layman.

^ Originally, I tried defining the mass in proportion to the distance (i.e. 1E-41 when distance was 1E-41), while using the Schwarzschild radius $R_s=\frac{2GM}{c^2}$ as a guideline for how I should start investigating, but then after considering the mass of the universe in relation to a proton, I realized that it would not work that way. I dismissed that a couple times, since that would require redefining the Gravitational Constant for the lower fractal level which is described in units of $\frac{m^3}{s^2 kg}$ . Years later, I still held the assumption that the speed of light would be the same for all fractal levels. Now this assumption is excised, and now objects at smaller fractal levels are predicted to move much, much faster.

Commentary on PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS: Article Content
Aid and Commentary on Remarks 1 to 142 of the PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS
This article was previously submitted to Wikipedia and User:Gazpaccho suggested that it may contain
Milne Model
(AQA) http://www.aqa.org.uk/qual) [accessed 27th October 2004]. BOSTOCK & CHANDLER (2000), Core Math
How do we teach non-university mathematics to university chemists?

Retrieved from "http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/K._Marinas%27_Cyclic_Multiverse_Hypothesis"

LEVEL	NAME	ATTRIBUTE
1	Electrons	more divergence
2	Molecules	electromagnetic attachment
3	Bodies	birth from electromagnetism
4	Stars	birth from gravity death from electromagnetism
5	Star clusters	gravitational attachment
6	Galaxies	birth from gravity
7	TeraQuasars/Quarks	more convergence

Wikia

Contents

IllustrationsEdit

MainstreamEdit

Visual aids depicting a fractal universeEdit

Visual aids for this Cyclic Multiverse HypothesisEdit

A Fractal Universe and Physical UnitsEdit

For each matter pair (a set of primal and frequency-governing components)Edit

For each matter pair (a set of frequency-dependent components)Edit

For each flow pair (a set of primal and frequency-governing components)Edit

For each flow pair (a set of frequency-dependent components)Edit

For each oscillation (a set of primal and frequency-governing components)Edit

For each oscillation (a set of frequency-dependent components)Edit

Ether density, propertiesEdit

Symmetry inside the fractalEdit

7 rotational degrees of freedomEdit

What this hypothesis requiresEdit

TeraQuasarsEdit

Concordance with WMAPEdit

Contrast from Black HolesEdit

Contrast from Cyclic Big Bang/Big CrunchEdit

More on the size of TeraQuasarsEdit

Hyperbolic Space-TimeEdit

Determinant of this Hyperbolic SpacetimeEdit

Quantative Example for known GalaxiesEdit

Rejected formulaeEdit

The beginning of this Fractal-based Unification of the Gravitational, Weak, Electromagnetic, and Strong forcesEdit

Extension from previous sectionEdit

Quark confinement of the higher fractal levelEdit

Quark production of the higher fractal levelEdit

Super Quasar Production of our fractal levelEdit

Quantum Gravity of the parent fractal levelEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

FootnotesEdit

External Sponsor Links

Pages on Academic Publishing Wiki

Latest Photos

Recent Wiki Activity